Sabtu, 17 Januari 2009
Grafiti Di Badan Cewek
Halo sobat blogger, setelah sekian lama kita tak berjumpa (halah),. maaf klo dah lama gak update2 lagi, itu dikarenakan waktu untuk bersua dengan blog sangatlah sempit karena saya harus mengikuti UAS alias ujian akhir semester di kampus dan juga sedang menjalankan bisnis warnet yang sangat menyita banyak perhatian saya (jadi curhat nih, hehe). langsung deh, bagi anda yg berjiwa seni tinggi terutama yang menyukai seni lukis melukis pasti senang melihat kreasi yang satu ini apalagi melukisnya di atas badan wanita., mau mau, mau?? lihat lihat lihat?? (halah).
Kamis, 15 Januari 2009
Tanaman Obat Salam (Syzygium polyanthum)
Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp.
Sinonim :
= Eugenia polyantha, Wight. = E. lucidula, Miq.
Familia :
Myrtaceae
Penyakit Yang Dapat Diobati :
Diare, Maag, Kencing manis, Mabuk akibat alkohol;
Uraian :
Salam tumbuh liar di hutan dan pegunungan, atau ditanam di pekarangan dan sekitar rumah. Tanaman ini dapat ditemukan dari dataran rendah sampai pegunungan dengan ketinggian 1,800 m dpi. Pohon bertajuk rimbun, tinggi mencapai 25 m, berakar tunggang, batang bulat, permukaan licin. Daun tunggal, letak berhadapan, bertangkai yang panjangnya 0,5-1 cm. Helaian daun bentuknya lonjong sampai elips atau bundar telur sungsang, ujung meruncing, pangkal runcing, tepi rata, panjang 5-15 cm, lebar 3-8 cm, pertulangan menyirip, permukaan atas licin berwarna hijau tua, permukaan bawah warnanya hijau muda. Daun bila diremas berbau harum. Bunganya bunga majemuk tersusun dalam malai yang keluar dari ujung ranting, warnanya putih, baunya harum. Buahnya buah buni, bulat, diameter 8-9 mm, warnanya bila muda hijau, setelah masak menjadi merah gelap, rasanya agak sepat. Biji bulat, penampang sekitar 1 cm, warnanya coklat. Salam ditanam untuk diambil daunnya sebagai pelengkap bumbu dapur, kulit pohonnya dipakai sebagai bahan pewarna jala atau anyaman bambu. Perbanyakan dengan biji, cangkok atau stek.
Nama Lokal :
Gowok, (Sunda), manting (Jawa), kastolam (Kangean); Meselangan, ubar serai (Melayu),; Salam (Indonesia, Sunda, Jawa, Madura);
BAGIAN YANG DIPAKAI: Daun, kulit batang, akar dan buah.
KEGUNAAN:
- Diare.
- Sakit maag (gastritis).
- Kencing manis.
- Mabuk akibat alkohol.
PEMAKAIAN:
Untuk minum: 7-20 lembar daun, direbus.
Pemakaian luar: Kulit batang, daun atau akar setelah dicuci bersih digiling halus sampai seperti bubur. Digunakan untuk pemakaian setempat pada infeksi kulit seperti kudis dan gatal-gatal.
CARA PEMAKAIAN:
1. Diare:
15 g daun dicuci bersih lalu direbus dengan 1 gelas air bersih selama
15 menit. Tambahkan sedikit garam. Setelah dingin disaring lalu
diminum.
2. Kencing manis:
7 lembar daun salam dicuci bersih lalu direbus dengan 3 gelas air
bersih sampal tersisa 1 gelas. Setelah dingin disaring, dibagi untuk
2 kali minum.
3. Sakit maag:
15-20 lembar daun dicuci bersih, rebus dengan 1/2 liter air sampai
mendidih. Tambahkan gula merah secukupnya. Minum sebagai teh
setiap hari, sampai rasa penuh dan perih di lambung menghilang.
4. Mabuk akibat alkohol:
1 genggam buah salam yang sudah masak dicuci bersih lalu ditumbuk
sampai halus. Peras dan saring, lalu diminum.
5. Kudis, Gatal
Daun atau kulit batang atau akar, dicuci bersih lalu digiling halus
sampai menjadi adonan seperti bubur. Balurkan ketempat yang sakit.
Komposisi :
SIFAT KIMIAW] DAN EFEK FARMAKOLOGIS: Daun: Rasa kelat, wangi. Adstringen. KANDUNGAN KIMIA: Minyak atsiri (0,05 %) mengandung sitral dan eugenol, tanin dan flavonoida.
Sumber Iptek Net
Tags : Bay leaf, diare, Kencing Manis, kudis, maag, mabuk alkohol, Salam, Serai, Tanaman OBAT
Sinonim :
= Eugenia polyantha, Wight. = E. lucidula, Miq.
Familia :
Myrtaceae
Penyakit Yang Dapat Diobati :
Diare, Maag, Kencing manis, Mabuk akibat alkohol;
Uraian :
Salam tumbuh liar di hutan dan pegunungan, atau ditanam di pekarangan dan sekitar rumah. Tanaman ini dapat ditemukan dari dataran rendah sampai pegunungan dengan ketinggian 1,800 m dpi. Pohon bertajuk rimbun, tinggi mencapai 25 m, berakar tunggang, batang bulat, permukaan licin. Daun tunggal, letak berhadapan, bertangkai yang panjangnya 0,5-1 cm. Helaian daun bentuknya lonjong sampai elips atau bundar telur sungsang, ujung meruncing, pangkal runcing, tepi rata, panjang 5-15 cm, lebar 3-8 cm, pertulangan menyirip, permukaan atas licin berwarna hijau tua, permukaan bawah warnanya hijau muda. Daun bila diremas berbau harum. Bunganya bunga majemuk tersusun dalam malai yang keluar dari ujung ranting, warnanya putih, baunya harum. Buahnya buah buni, bulat, diameter 8-9 mm, warnanya bila muda hijau, setelah masak menjadi merah gelap, rasanya agak sepat. Biji bulat, penampang sekitar 1 cm, warnanya coklat. Salam ditanam untuk diambil daunnya sebagai pelengkap bumbu dapur, kulit pohonnya dipakai sebagai bahan pewarna jala atau anyaman bambu. Perbanyakan dengan biji, cangkok atau stek.
Nama Lokal :
Gowok, (Sunda), manting (Jawa), kastolam (Kangean); Meselangan, ubar serai (Melayu),; Salam (Indonesia, Sunda, Jawa, Madura);
BAGIAN YANG DIPAKAI: Daun, kulit batang, akar dan buah.
KEGUNAAN:
- Diare.
- Sakit maag (gastritis).
- Kencing manis.
- Mabuk akibat alkohol.
PEMAKAIAN:
Untuk minum: 7-20 lembar daun, direbus.
Pemakaian luar: Kulit batang, daun atau akar setelah dicuci bersih digiling halus sampai seperti bubur. Digunakan untuk pemakaian setempat pada infeksi kulit seperti kudis dan gatal-gatal.
CARA PEMAKAIAN:
1. Diare:
15 g daun dicuci bersih lalu direbus dengan 1 gelas air bersih selama
15 menit. Tambahkan sedikit garam. Setelah dingin disaring lalu
diminum.
2. Kencing manis:
7 lembar daun salam dicuci bersih lalu direbus dengan 3 gelas air
bersih sampal tersisa 1 gelas. Setelah dingin disaring, dibagi untuk
2 kali minum.
3. Sakit maag:
15-20 lembar daun dicuci bersih, rebus dengan 1/2 liter air sampai
mendidih. Tambahkan gula merah secukupnya. Minum sebagai teh
setiap hari, sampai rasa penuh dan perih di lambung menghilang.
4. Mabuk akibat alkohol:
1 genggam buah salam yang sudah masak dicuci bersih lalu ditumbuk
sampai halus. Peras dan saring, lalu diminum.
5. Kudis, Gatal
Daun atau kulit batang atau akar, dicuci bersih lalu digiling halus
sampai menjadi adonan seperti bubur. Balurkan ketempat yang sakit.
Komposisi :
SIFAT KIMIAW] DAN EFEK FARMAKOLOGIS: Daun: Rasa kelat, wangi. Adstringen. KANDUNGAN KIMIA: Minyak atsiri (0,05 %) mengandung sitral dan eugenol, tanin dan flavonoida.
Sumber Iptek Net
Tags : Bay leaf, diare, Kencing Manis, kudis, maag, mabuk alkohol, Salam, Serai, Tanaman OBAT
Salam (Syzygium polyanthum)
Salam
Daun dan bunga salam
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan: Plantae
Divisi: Magnoliophyta
Kelas: Magnoliopsida
Ordo: Myrtales
Famili: Myrtaceae
Genus: Syzygium
Spesies: S. polyanthum
Nama binomial
Syzygium polyanthum
(Wight) Walpers
Salam adalah nama pohon penghasil daun rempah yang digunakan dalam masakan Nusantara. Tumbuhan ini juga dikenal dengan nama-nama lain seperti ubar serai, meselangan (Sum.), samak, kelat samak, serah (Mal.), dan manting (Jw.). Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai Indonesian bay-leaf atau Indonesian laurel, sedangkan nama ilmiahnya adalah Syzygium polyanthum. [1]
Pemerian botanis
Pohon berukuran sedang, mencapai tinggi 30 m dan gemang 60 cm. Pepagan (kulit batang) berwarna coklat abu-abu, memecah atau bersisik.
Daun tunggal terletak berhadapan, dengan tangkai hingga 12 mm. Helai daun berbentuk jorong-lonjong, jorong sempit atau lanset, 5-16 x 2,5-7 cm, gundul, dengan 6-11 urat daun sekunder, dan sejalur urat daun intramarginal nampak jelas dekat tepi helaian, berbintik kelenjar minyak yang sangat halus.
Karangan bunga berupa malai dengan banyak kuntum bunga, 2-8 cm, muncul di bawah daun atau terkadang pada ketiak. Bunga kecil-kecil, duduk, berbau harum, berbilangan-4; kelopak seperti mangkuk, panjangnya sekitar 4 mm; mahkota lepas-lepas, putih, 2,5-3,5 mm; benang sari banyak, lk. 3 mm, terkumpul dalam 4 kelompok, lekas rontok; piringan tengah agak persegi, jingga kekuningan. Buah buni membulat atau agak tertekan, 12 mm, bermahkota keping kelopak, berwarna merah sampai ungu kehitaman apabila masak.
Kegunaan
Daun salam digunakan terutama sebagai rempah pengharum masakan di sejumlah negeri di Asia Tenggara, baik untuk masakan daging, ikan, sayur mayur, maupun nasi. Daun ini dicampurkan dalam keadaan utuh, kering atau pun segar, dan turut dimasak hingga makanan tersebut matang. [2] Rempah ini memberikan aroma herba yang khas namun tidak keras. Di pasar dan di dapur, salam kerap dipasangkan dengan laos alias lengkuas.
Kayunya berwarna coklat jingga kemerahan dan berkualitas menengah. Kayu yang tergolong ke dalam kayu kelat (nama perdagangan) ini dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan bangunan dan perabot rumah tangga. Kulit batang salam mengandung tanin, kerap dimanfaatkan sebagai ubar (untuk mewarnai dan mengawetkan) jala, bahan anyaman dari bambu dan lain-lain. Kulit batang dan daun salam biasa digunakan sebagai bahan ramuan tradisional untuk menyembuhkan sakit perut. Buah salam dimakan orang juga, meski hanya anak-anak yang menyukainya.[1]
Daun salam kering mengandung sekitar 0,17% minyak esensial, dengan komponen penting eugenol dan metil kavikol (methyl chavicol) di dalamnya. Ekstrak etanol dari daun menunjukkan efek antijamur dan antibakteri, sedangkan ekstrak metanolnya merupakan anticacing, khususnya pada nematoda kayu pinus Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. [2]
Ekologi dan budidaya
Salam menyebar di Asia Tenggara, mulai dari Burma, Indocina, Thailand, Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Jawa. Pohon ini ditemukan tumbuh liar di hutan-hutan primer dan sekunder, mulai dari tepi pantai hingga ketinggian 1.000 m (di Jawa), 1.200 m (di Sabah) dan 1.300 m dpl (di Thailand); kebanyakan merupakan pohon penyusun tajuk bawah. [2] Di samping itu salam ditanam di kebun-kebun pekarangan dan lahan-lahan wanatani yang lain, terutama untuk diambil daunnya. Daun salam liar hampir tak pernah dipergunakan dalam masakan, selain karena baunya sedikit berbeda dan kurang harum, salam liar juga menimbulkan rasa agak pahit.
Salam berbunga dan berbuah hampir di sepanjang tahun. Pohon ini mudah diperbanyak dengan biji atau setek.
Rujukan
^ a b Heyne, K. 1987. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia, jil. 3. Yay. Sarana Wana Jaya, Jakarta. Hal. 1521.
^ a b c de Guzman, C.C. and J.S. Siemonsma (eds.). 1999. Plant Resources of South_East Asia 13: Spices. PROSEA. Bogor. ISBN 979-8316-34-7. pp. 218-219. Sumber wikipedia.org
Daun dan bunga salam
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan: Plantae
Divisi: Magnoliophyta
Kelas: Magnoliopsida
Ordo: Myrtales
Famili: Myrtaceae
Genus: Syzygium
Spesies: S. polyanthum
Nama binomial
Syzygium polyanthum
(Wight) Walpers
Salam adalah nama pohon penghasil daun rempah yang digunakan dalam masakan Nusantara. Tumbuhan ini juga dikenal dengan nama-nama lain seperti ubar serai, meselangan (Sum.), samak, kelat samak, serah (Mal.), dan manting (Jw.). Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai Indonesian bay-leaf atau Indonesian laurel, sedangkan nama ilmiahnya adalah Syzygium polyanthum. [1]
Pemerian botanis
Pohon berukuran sedang, mencapai tinggi 30 m dan gemang 60 cm. Pepagan (kulit batang) berwarna coklat abu-abu, memecah atau bersisik.
Daun tunggal terletak berhadapan, dengan tangkai hingga 12 mm. Helai daun berbentuk jorong-lonjong, jorong sempit atau lanset, 5-16 x 2,5-7 cm, gundul, dengan 6-11 urat daun sekunder, dan sejalur urat daun intramarginal nampak jelas dekat tepi helaian, berbintik kelenjar minyak yang sangat halus.
Karangan bunga berupa malai dengan banyak kuntum bunga, 2-8 cm, muncul di bawah daun atau terkadang pada ketiak. Bunga kecil-kecil, duduk, berbau harum, berbilangan-4; kelopak seperti mangkuk, panjangnya sekitar 4 mm; mahkota lepas-lepas, putih, 2,5-3,5 mm; benang sari banyak, lk. 3 mm, terkumpul dalam 4 kelompok, lekas rontok; piringan tengah agak persegi, jingga kekuningan. Buah buni membulat atau agak tertekan, 12 mm, bermahkota keping kelopak, berwarna merah sampai ungu kehitaman apabila masak.
Kegunaan
Daun salam digunakan terutama sebagai rempah pengharum masakan di sejumlah negeri di Asia Tenggara, baik untuk masakan daging, ikan, sayur mayur, maupun nasi. Daun ini dicampurkan dalam keadaan utuh, kering atau pun segar, dan turut dimasak hingga makanan tersebut matang. [2] Rempah ini memberikan aroma herba yang khas namun tidak keras. Di pasar dan di dapur, salam kerap dipasangkan dengan laos alias lengkuas.
Kayunya berwarna coklat jingga kemerahan dan berkualitas menengah. Kayu yang tergolong ke dalam kayu kelat (nama perdagangan) ini dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan bangunan dan perabot rumah tangga. Kulit batang salam mengandung tanin, kerap dimanfaatkan sebagai ubar (untuk mewarnai dan mengawetkan) jala, bahan anyaman dari bambu dan lain-lain. Kulit batang dan daun salam biasa digunakan sebagai bahan ramuan tradisional untuk menyembuhkan sakit perut. Buah salam dimakan orang juga, meski hanya anak-anak yang menyukainya.[1]
Daun salam kering mengandung sekitar 0,17% minyak esensial, dengan komponen penting eugenol dan metil kavikol (methyl chavicol) di dalamnya. Ekstrak etanol dari daun menunjukkan efek antijamur dan antibakteri, sedangkan ekstrak metanolnya merupakan anticacing, khususnya pada nematoda kayu pinus Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. [2]
Ekologi dan budidaya
Salam menyebar di Asia Tenggara, mulai dari Burma, Indocina, Thailand, Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Jawa. Pohon ini ditemukan tumbuh liar di hutan-hutan primer dan sekunder, mulai dari tepi pantai hingga ketinggian 1.000 m (di Jawa), 1.200 m (di Sabah) dan 1.300 m dpl (di Thailand); kebanyakan merupakan pohon penyusun tajuk bawah. [2] Di samping itu salam ditanam di kebun-kebun pekarangan dan lahan-lahan wanatani yang lain, terutama untuk diambil daunnya. Daun salam liar hampir tak pernah dipergunakan dalam masakan, selain karena baunya sedikit berbeda dan kurang harum, salam liar juga menimbulkan rasa agak pahit.
Salam berbunga dan berbuah hampir di sepanjang tahun. Pohon ini mudah diperbanyak dengan biji atau setek.
Rujukan
^ a b Heyne, K. 1987. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia, jil. 3. Yay. Sarana Wana Jaya, Jakarta. Hal. 1521.
^ a b c de Guzman, C.C. and J.S. Siemonsma (eds.). 1999. Plant Resources of South_East Asia 13: Spices. PROSEA. Bogor. ISBN 979-8316-34-7. pp. 218-219. Sumber wikipedia.org
Tags : Bay leaf, Salam, Serai, Tanaman OBAT
Bay leaf
Bay leaf (plural bay leaves), Greek Daphni, Romanian Foi de Dafin, Portuguese Louro; is the aromatic leaf of several species of the Laurel family (Lauraceae). Fresh or dried bay leaves are used in cooking for their distinctive flavor and fragrance.
Laurus nobilis
Bay leaf is a culinary herb often used to flavor soups, stews, and braises and pâtés in Mediterranean Cuisine. The fresh leaves are very mild and do not develop their full flavor until several weeks after picking and drying.
California bay leaf
The leaf of the California bay tree (Umbellularia californica), also known as 'California laurel', 'Oregon myrtle', and 'pepperwood', is similar to the Mediterranean bay but has a stronger flavor.
"Indian bay leaf" (also tej pat, tejpat, tejpata तेजपत्ता or Tamalpatra तमालपत्र)
The leaf of the Cinnamomum tejpata (malabathrum) tree is similar in fragrance and taste to cinnamon bark, but milder. In appearance, it is similar to the other bay leaves but is culinarily quite different, having an aroma and flavor more similar to that of Cassia. It is inaccurately called a bay leaf as it is of a different genus (though the same family) as the bay laurel.
"Indonesian bay leaf" or "Indonesian laurel" (salam leaf)
The leaf of Syzygium polyanthum. Used mostly in dry form although the fresh one gives the "right" flavor. The leaf used in certain soups or steamed preparations. Like Indian bay leaf, it is also an inaccurate name because, unlike bay leaf, the plant belongs to Myrtaceae.
Taste and aroma
If eaten whole, bay leaves are pungent and have a sharp, bitter taste. The flavor of the California bay leaf is a bit more intense and bitter than the Grecian variety. As with many spices and flavorings, the fragrance of the bay leaf is more noticeable in cooked foods than the taste. When dried, the fragrance is herbal, slightly floral, and somewhat similar to oregano and thyme. Myrcene, which is a component of many essential oils used in perfumery, can be extracted from the bay leaf. The flavor and aroma of bay leaves owes in large part to the essential oil eugenol.
Culinary use
Bay leaves are a fixture in the cooking of many European cuisines (particularly those of the Mediterranean), as well as in North America. They are used in soups, stews, meat, seafood and vegetable dishes. The leaves also flavor classic French dishes such as bouillabaisse and bouillon. The leaves are most often used whole (sometimes in a bouquet garni), and removed before serving. In Indian and Pakistani cuisine bay leaves are often used in biryani and many salads. In Japan too it has a long history as a herbal ingredient.
Bay leaves can also be crushed (or ground) before cooking. Crushed bay leaves impart more of their desired fragrance than whole leaves, and there is less chance of biting into a leaf directly.
History/Region of Origin
Ancient Greeks and Romans crowned victors with wreaths of laurel. The term "baccalaureate," meaning laurel berry, refers to the ancient practice of honoring scholars and poets with garlands from the bay laurel tree. Romans felt the leaves protected them against thunder and the plague. Later, Italians and the English believed bay leaves brought good luck and warded off evil. The given name and surname "Laurence" is derived from the Roman name for the plant and the honorary practices using its boughs of leaves and berries. Other versions of the name are "Lawrence", "Loritz", "Laritz" and the Hungarian "Lorinc." In Scandinavian languages "Laurence" became the common "Lars", and the Finnish equivalent is "Lauri". Also "Lourenço" in Portuguese, "Laurent" in French and "Lorenzo" in Italian.
Facts
Mountain laurel leaves are poisonous to certain livestock and are not sold anywhere as a culinary herb (Britannica). This has led to the mistaken belief that bay leaves should be removed from food after cooking because they might poison humans. Bay leaves are safe to eat. However, a person may accidentally swallow a leaf; and since the leaves remain stiff, even after several hours of cooking, it may cause general injuries in the throat.
Bay leaves are used scattered in pantries to repel meal moths.[1]
Cultivation
Gardeners in frost-free or light frost areas will find that Bay Laurel seedlings planted in the ground willingly grow into large trees, 38 feet and taller; but when kept pruned the Bay Laurel tree can thrive as a small bush. Bay Laurel can also be grown in a containers, the size of which limits the ultimate size of the trees. New plants are often started via layering, or from cuttings, since growing from seed can be difficult.
Bay trees are difficult to start from seed, due in part to the seed's low germination rate, and long germination period. Fresh seeds with the pericarp removed typically have a 40% germination rate, while dried seeds and/or seeds with an intact pericarp have yet lower germination rates. In addition, the Bay Laurel seed germination period can be 50 days or more, which increases the risk of the seeds rotting before they germinate. Treating the seeds with gibberellic acid can be useful in increasing seed yield, as is careful monitoring of moisture levels in the rooting media.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf
Laurus nobilis
Bay leaf is a culinary herb often used to flavor soups, stews, and braises and pâtés in Mediterranean Cuisine. The fresh leaves are very mild and do not develop their full flavor until several weeks after picking and drying.
California bay leaf
The leaf of the California bay tree (Umbellularia californica), also known as 'California laurel', 'Oregon myrtle', and 'pepperwood', is similar to the Mediterranean bay but has a stronger flavor.
"Indian bay leaf" (also tej pat, tejpat, tejpata तेजपत्ता or Tamalpatra तमालपत्र)
The leaf of the Cinnamomum tejpata (malabathrum) tree is similar in fragrance and taste to cinnamon bark, but milder. In appearance, it is similar to the other bay leaves but is culinarily quite different, having an aroma and flavor more similar to that of Cassia. It is inaccurately called a bay leaf as it is of a different genus (though the same family) as the bay laurel.
"Indonesian bay leaf" or "Indonesian laurel" (salam leaf)
The leaf of Syzygium polyanthum. Used mostly in dry form although the fresh one gives the "right" flavor. The leaf used in certain soups or steamed preparations. Like Indian bay leaf, it is also an inaccurate name because, unlike bay leaf, the plant belongs to Myrtaceae.
Taste and aroma
If eaten whole, bay leaves are pungent and have a sharp, bitter taste. The flavor of the California bay leaf is a bit more intense and bitter than the Grecian variety. As with many spices and flavorings, the fragrance of the bay leaf is more noticeable in cooked foods than the taste. When dried, the fragrance is herbal, slightly floral, and somewhat similar to oregano and thyme. Myrcene, which is a component of many essential oils used in perfumery, can be extracted from the bay leaf. The flavor and aroma of bay leaves owes in large part to the essential oil eugenol.
Culinary use
Bay leaves are a fixture in the cooking of many European cuisines (particularly those of the Mediterranean), as well as in North America. They are used in soups, stews, meat, seafood and vegetable dishes. The leaves also flavor classic French dishes such as bouillabaisse and bouillon. The leaves are most often used whole (sometimes in a bouquet garni), and removed before serving. In Indian and Pakistani cuisine bay leaves are often used in biryani and many salads. In Japan too it has a long history as a herbal ingredient.
Bay leaves can also be crushed (or ground) before cooking. Crushed bay leaves impart more of their desired fragrance than whole leaves, and there is less chance of biting into a leaf directly.
History/Region of Origin
Ancient Greeks and Romans crowned victors with wreaths of laurel. The term "baccalaureate," meaning laurel berry, refers to the ancient practice of honoring scholars and poets with garlands from the bay laurel tree. Romans felt the leaves protected them against thunder and the plague. Later, Italians and the English believed bay leaves brought good luck and warded off evil. The given name and surname "Laurence" is derived from the Roman name for the plant and the honorary practices using its boughs of leaves and berries. Other versions of the name are "Lawrence", "Loritz", "Laritz" and the Hungarian "Lorinc." In Scandinavian languages "Laurence" became the common "Lars", and the Finnish equivalent is "Lauri". Also "Lourenço" in Portuguese, "Laurent" in French and "Lorenzo" in Italian.
Facts
Mountain laurel leaves are poisonous to certain livestock and are not sold anywhere as a culinary herb (Britannica). This has led to the mistaken belief that bay leaves should be removed from food after cooking because they might poison humans. Bay leaves are safe to eat. However, a person may accidentally swallow a leaf; and since the leaves remain stiff, even after several hours of cooking, it may cause general injuries in the throat.
Bay leaves are used scattered in pantries to repel meal moths.[1]
Cultivation
Gardeners in frost-free or light frost areas will find that Bay Laurel seedlings planted in the ground willingly grow into large trees, 38 feet and taller; but when kept pruned the Bay Laurel tree can thrive as a small bush. Bay Laurel can also be grown in a containers, the size of which limits the ultimate size of the trees. New plants are often started via layering, or from cuttings, since growing from seed can be difficult.
Bay trees are difficult to start from seed, due in part to the seed's low germination rate, and long germination period. Fresh seeds with the pericarp removed typically have a 40% germination rate, while dried seeds and/or seeds with an intact pericarp have yet lower germination rates. In addition, the Bay Laurel seed germination period can be 50 days or more, which increases the risk of the seeds rotting before they germinate. Treating the seeds with gibberellic acid can be useful in increasing seed yield, as is careful monitoring of moisture levels in the rooting media.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf
Tags : Bay leaf, Salam, Serai, Tanaman OBAT
Selasa, 13 Januari 2009
Waktu pertama kali “bertemu” dengan website uang panas, jujur saja saya agak kurang respek terhadap produk Uang Panas, mungkin sama seperti anda. Apalagi begitu melihat angka Rp 100.000,- yang harus kita transfer. “Ahhh.. kirain suruh ngapain, ” begitulah guman saya. Sewaktu itu di Internet, saya memang jadi orang yang paling malas begitu melihat sesuatu yang perlu mengeluarkan uang. Saya paling anti itu, tapi kalau untuk yang gratisan, Waaah, jangan ditanya.. Sudah banyak sekali saya download segala yang gratisan. Juga ikut program bisnis gratisan.
Tapi apa hasilnya? Nol! Waktu dan uang untuk biaya mengakses internet juga terbuang sia-sia. Kenapa? Karena waktu itu saya tidak tahu cara, teknik, dan strateginya dalam berbisnis online. Hingga akhirnya pikiran saya terbuka, saat itu saya mulai berpikir maju. Inilah hasilnya karena saya pelit dalam berinvestasi. Saya tidak mau mengeluarkan uang untuk belajar tentang bisnis online. Akhirnya mulai saat itu saya memutuskan untuk tidak pelit dalam investasi dan akan mencari Guru, yang akan mengajari cara, teknik, dan strategi binsis online.
Masalah kembali muncul, kini saya harus memilih, dengan siapa saya belajar. Ada banyak tawaran – tawaran di Internet yang menawarkan kursus, atau ebook tentang strategi bisnis online. Saya ragu, apakaha isi dari ebook itu benar-benar bermanaat. Saya kembali takut untuk mengeluarkan uang.
Masalah kembali muncul, kini saya harus memilih, dengan siapa saya belajar. Ada banyak tawaran – tawaran di Internet yang menawarkan kursus, atau ebook tentang strategi bisnis online. Saya ragu, apakaha isi dari ebook itu benar-benar bermanaat. Saya kembali takut untuk mengeluarkan uang.
Tetapi, saat saya dipertemukan kembali dengan website uang panas, kini pikiran saya kembali terbuka. Saya baca ulang kalimat demi kalimat dari website uang panas tersebut. Namun saya kaget karena harganya telah naik menjadi Rp 120.000,- Wah ternyata benar, waktu pertama kali saya lihat memang mas Haryo Bilang akan menaikan harga Ebooknya itu. Waktu itu saya pikir “Ahh.. Paling cuman bohongan biar kita cepet-cepet beli.“ Tapi kini ternyata benar. Harganya memang sudah naik. Ya sudah lah, lalu saya membaca kembali halaman website tersebut. Dan tatapan saya terhenti pada kalimat,Gratis fasilitas konsultasi selama 100 hari. Saya berpikir, Ya! Ini dia, sepertinya ini yang saya cari – cari. Konsultasi! Tidak ada satupun panduan bisnis di Internet yang menawarkan bonus konsultasi gratis. Inilah yang sangat diperlukan untuk saya dan juga anda tentunya. Dengan layanan konsultasi gratis ini, jika ada hal-hal yang kurang jelas dengan isi panduan bisnis Uang Panas atau ada yang ingin kita tanyakan tentang suatu bisnis online, kita bisa langsung menanyakanya dengan Mas haryo Prabowo.
Kemudian saya melanjutkan membaca sales letter tersebut. Dan lagi – lagi saya dikejutkan dengan kalimat Garansi 200% Uang kembali bila saya tidak merasa puas terhadap produk uang panas. Wow Luar Biasa! Itu sama saja dengan tidak ada resiko yang kita tanggung bila membeli Panduan Bisnis ini. Lalu saya berpikir, hemm… Jika memnang Mas Haryo berani mengganti uang kita 2 kali lipat jika kita tidak puas. Pasti dia sudah yakin, bahwa produknya memang benar-benar berkualitas. Kemudian saya mencoba melihat testimoni para member uang panas. Dan ternyata memang benar, mereka merasa sangat puas terhadap Panduan Bisnis Uang Panas. Nah saat itulah saya mulai menghapus keraguan saya. Saya akhirnya memutuskan untuk membelinya. Segeralah saat itu saya order, dan saya transefer uangnya lewat atm ke rekening Mas Haryo dan resellernya.
Setelah mentransfer uangnya saya lalu mengirim konfirmasi transfer via sms dan email. Dan beberapa menit kemudian mendapat balasan bahwa akun saya sudah diaktifkan. Segeralah saya mendownload ebooknya. Saya print agar mudah dibaca lalu kemudian saya baca. Memang ternyata benar, ebook uang panas ini benar-benar berkualitas dan bermanfaat. Dari Panduan Bisnis itu, saya diberi tahu bahwa ada banyak macam –macam bisnis online. Mulai dari bisnis ads publishing, ads viewing, paid reviewing, reselling, affiliate marketing (merchant), affiliate marketing (affiliate), paid upload, paid redirect, dan belasan ide bisnis lainnya. Tidak mengerti istilah-istilah diatas? Tenang. Di Panduan Bisnis Uang Panas akan dijelaskan tentang bisnis online tersebut. Di Panduan Bisnis Uang Panas juga ada The Internet Business Detective, ini menuntun saya untuk menjadi "detektif" dunia bisnis online. Setelah mempelajarinya, saya kini mengerti :
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Senin, 12 Januari 2009
Articles Herbs - Tanaman Obat
Daftar Tanaman Obat : ( Tumbuhan berkhasiat Obat)
Daftar Penyakit :
Alergi
Amandel
Ambeien
Animea
Asam Urat
ASI sedikit
Asma
Ayan
Batu Ginjal
Batuk
Batuk Darah
Batuk Kering
Batuk Rejan
Bekas Luka
Biri-biri
Bisul
Bronkhitis
Busung Air
Cacingan
Campak
Darah Tinggi
Daya ingat
Demam
Diabetes
Diare
Disentri
FLu (Influenza)
Gigi
Gusi berdarah
Hernia
Hipertensi
Jantung
Kaki Bersisik
Kanker
Kanker Kulit
Kanker Payudara
Kanker Rahim
Kelebihan Berat Badan
Kencing Darah
Kencing Manis
Kencng Batu
Kencng Nanah
Keputihan
Kutil
Leher Rahim
Lepra
Lever
Luka Bakar
Luka Dalam
Lumpuh Otot Muka
Malaria
Mata
Mata Ikan
Mimisan
Nyeri Haid
Panas Dalam
Paru-paru
Pencernaan
Penenang
Perokok
Perut
Perut, Mencret
Radang Kulit
Radang Usus
Rambut Tidak Subur
Rektum
Reumatik
Sakit Kuning
Salesma
Sembelit
Sifilis
Strees
Stroke
Sulit Melahirkan
Susah Buang Air Besar
TBC
Tetanus
Tukak Lambung
Usus Buntu
Wasir
Minggu, 11 Januari 2009
Bawang Putih (Allium sativum, L)
Penyakit Yang Dapat Diobati :
Hipertensi, Asma, Batuk, Masuk angin, Sakit kepala, Sakit kuning; Sesak nafas, Busung air, Ambeien, Sembelit, Luka memar, Abses; Luka benda tajam, digigit serangga, Cacingan, Sulit tidur (Insomnia);
Uraian :
Bawang putih (allium sativum) termasuk genus afflum atau di Indonesia lazim disebut bawang putih. Bawang putih termasuk klasifikasi tumbuhan terna berumbi lapis atau siung yang bersusun. Bawang putih tumbuh secara berumpun dan berdiri tegak sampai setinggi 30 -75 em, mempunyai batang semu yang terbentuk dari pelepah-pelepah daun. Helaian daunnya mirip pita, berbentuk pipih dan memanjang. Akar bawang putih terdiri dari serabut-serabut kecil yang bejumlah banyak. Dan setiap umbi bawang putih terdiri dari sejumlah anak bawang (siung) yang setiap siungnya terbungkus kulit tipis berwarna putih. Bawang putih yang semula merupakan tumbuhan daerah dataran tinggi, sekarang di Indonesia, jenis tertentu dibudidayakan di dataran rendah. Bawang putih berkembang baik pada ketinggian tanah berkisar 200-250 meter di atas permukaan laut. 1. Syarat Tumbuh a. Iklim · Ketinggian tempat : 600 m - 1.200 m di atas permukaan laut · Curah hujan tahunan : 800 mm - 2.000 mm/tahun · Bulan basah (di atas 100 mm/bulan): 5 bulan - 7 bulan · Bulan kering (di bawah 60 mm/bulan): 4 bulan - 6 bulan · Suhu udara : 150 C - 200 C · Kelembapan : tinggi · Penyinaran : sedang b. Tanah · Jenis : gromosol (ultisol). · Tekstur : lempung berpasir (gembur) · Drainase : baik · Kedalaman air tanah : 50 cm - 150 cm dari permukaan tanah · Kedalaman perakaran : di atas 15 cm dari permukaan tanah · Kemasaman (pH) : 6 - 6,8 · Kesuburan : tinggi 2. Pedoman Bertanam a. Pegolahan Tanah · Buatkan selokan atau parit dengan lebar 30 cm - 40 cm, dalam 30 cm - 60 cm. Tanah galian digunakan untuk bedengan selebar 60 cm - 100 cm, panjang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan, lalu dicangkul sedalam 15 cm - 30 cm. · Setelah 10 hari - 15 hari dicangkul kembali hingga membentuk gumpalan halus, kemudian diberi pupuk kandang 10 ton - 15 ton/hektar. · Sehari sebelum tanam, bedengan dibasahi. b. Persiapan Bibit · Bibit berasal dari tanaman cukup tua (85 hari - 135 hari), sehat dan tidak cacat. · Bibit disimpan dalam ruangan kering sekitar 5 bulan - 8 bulan digantung pada para-para. · Siang untuk bibit berasal dari umbi yang beratnya 5 g - 7,5 g/umbi. c. Penanaman · Buatkan lubang tanam sedalam 3 cm - 4 cm dengan tugal. · Tancapkan bibit dengan posisi tegak lurus, ujung siung di atas dan ¾ bagian siung tertanam dalam tanah. · Taburkan tanah halus dan tutup merata dengan jerami setelah 3 cm. · Jarak tanam 10 cm x 10 cm atau 15 cm x 10 cm
Nama Lokal :
Garlic (Inggris), Bawang Putih (Indonesia), Bawang (Jawa); Bawang Bodas (Sunda), Bawang handak (Lampung); Kasuna (Bali), Lasuna pute (Bugis), Bhabang pote (Madura); Bawa bodudo (Ternate), Kalfeo foleu (Timor);
Pemanfaatan :
1. Hipertensi
a. Bahan: 3 siung bawang putih,
Cara membuat: bawang putih ditumbuk halus dan diperas dengan
air secukupnya, Ialu disaring;
Cara menggunakan: diminum secara teratur setiap hari.
b. Bahan : 2 siung bawang putih;
Cara membuat: bawang putih dipanggang dengan api;
Cara menggunakan: dimakan setiap pagi selama 7 hari.
2. Asma, batuk dan masuk angin
Baban: 3 siung bawang putih, 1 sendok makan madu dan gula batu
secukupnya;
Cara membuat: bawang putih ditumbuk halus, kemudian dioplos
bersama bahan lainnya sampai merata dan diperas/disaring;
Cara menggunakan: diminum setiap pagi sampai sembuh.
3. Sakit kepala
Bahan: umbi bawang putih;
Cara membuat: umbi bawang putih ditumbuk halus;
Cara menggunakan: untuk kompres pada dahi.
4. Sakit kuning, sesak nafas dan busung air
Bahan: 1 umbi bawang putih, 1 potong gula batu sebesar telur ayam
Cara membuat : umbi bawang putih ditumbuk halus, kemudian kedua
bahan tersebut direbus bersama dengan 3 gelas air sampai mendidih
dan diaduk sampai merata, dan disaring;
Cara menggunakan: diminum 2 kali sehari 2 sendok makan, pagi dan
sore.
5. Ambeien
Bahan : umbi bawang putih;
Cara membuat: umbi bawang putih ditumbuk halus, kemudian diperas
untuk diambil airnya;
Cara menggunakan: dioleskan di sekitar dubur setiap hari.
6. Sembelit
Bahan: yoghurt bawang putih dan bawang merah secukupnya;
Cara membuat: kedua bahan tersebut ditumbuk halus, diperas untuk
diambil airnya, kemudian dicampur sampai merata dan disaring;
Cara menggunakan: diminuni biasa.
7. Luka memar karena tikaman atau pukulan
Bahan: bawang putih dan 1 sendok madu;
Cara membuat: bawang putih ditumbuk halus, kemudian diberi 1
sendok madu dan dicampur sampai merata;
Cara menggunakan: dioleskan pada bagian yang luka.
8. Luka kena benda tajam berkarat
Bahan: umbi bawang putih dan minyak kelapa secukupnya;
Cara membuat: umbi bawang putih dibakar, kemudian dicelupkan ke
dalam minyak kelapa dan ditumbuk halus;
Cara menggunakan: dioleskan pada bagian yang luka.
9. Mempercepat matangnya bengkak abses
Bahan : umbi bawang putih;
Cara membuat: umbi bawang putih dipanasi dengan minyak cat,
kemudian ditumbuk halus;
Cara menggunakan : ditempelkan pada bagian yang bengkak.
10. Untuk mengeluarkan serpihan kaca, kayu atau duri
Bahan: umbi bawang putih;
Cara membuat: umbi bawang putih ditumbuk halus;
Cara menggunakan: ditempelkan pada baglan yang kemasukan
serpihan kaca, kayu atau duri.
11. Sengatan Serangga
Bahan: umbi bawang putih, sendowo dan garam secukupnya;
Cara membuat: umbi bawang putih ditumbuk halus, kemudian
dicampur dengan bahan lainnya sampai merata;
Cara menggunakan: dioleskan ada bagian tubuh yang disengat
serangga.
12. Mengusir cacing kremi dan cacing perut
Baban: beberapa siung bawang push;
Cara membuat: dikupas dan dicuci bersih;
Cara menggunakan: dimakan langsung.
13. Sulit tidur (insomnia)
Bahan: beberapa slung bawang putih;
Cara membuat: dikupas dan dicuci bersih;
Cara menggunakan: dimakan langsung sebelum tidur.
Komposisi :
KANDUNGAN KIMIA : Dari umbi bawang putih per 100 gram mengandung : - protein sebesar 4,5 gram. - lemak 0,20 gram, - hidrat arang 23, 1 0 gram, - vitamin B 1 0,22 miligram, - vitamin C 1 5 miligram, - kalori 95 kalori, - posfor 134 miligram, - kalsium 42 miligrain. - besi 1 miligram dan - air 71 gram. Di samping itu dari beberapa penelitian umbi bawang putih mengandung zat aktif awcin, awn, enzim alinase, germanium, sativine, sinistrine, selenium, scordinin, nicotinic acid.
Sumber Sentra Informasi IPTEK Net
Hipertensi, Asma, Batuk, Masuk angin, Sakit kepala, Sakit kuning; Sesak nafas, Busung air, Ambeien, Sembelit, Luka memar, Abses; Luka benda tajam, digigit serangga, Cacingan, Sulit tidur (Insomnia);
Uraian :
Bawang putih (allium sativum) termasuk genus afflum atau di Indonesia lazim disebut bawang putih. Bawang putih termasuk klasifikasi tumbuhan terna berumbi lapis atau siung yang bersusun. Bawang putih tumbuh secara berumpun dan berdiri tegak sampai setinggi 30 -75 em, mempunyai batang semu yang terbentuk dari pelepah-pelepah daun. Helaian daunnya mirip pita, berbentuk pipih dan memanjang. Akar bawang putih terdiri dari serabut-serabut kecil yang bejumlah banyak. Dan setiap umbi bawang putih terdiri dari sejumlah anak bawang (siung) yang setiap siungnya terbungkus kulit tipis berwarna putih. Bawang putih yang semula merupakan tumbuhan daerah dataran tinggi, sekarang di Indonesia, jenis tertentu dibudidayakan di dataran rendah. Bawang putih berkembang baik pada ketinggian tanah berkisar 200-250 meter di atas permukaan laut. 1. Syarat Tumbuh a. Iklim · Ketinggian tempat : 600 m - 1.200 m di atas permukaan laut · Curah hujan tahunan : 800 mm - 2.000 mm/tahun · Bulan basah (di atas 100 mm/bulan): 5 bulan - 7 bulan · Bulan kering (di bawah 60 mm/bulan): 4 bulan - 6 bulan · Suhu udara : 150 C - 200 C · Kelembapan : tinggi · Penyinaran : sedang b. Tanah · Jenis : gromosol (ultisol). · Tekstur : lempung berpasir (gembur) · Drainase : baik · Kedalaman air tanah : 50 cm - 150 cm dari permukaan tanah · Kedalaman perakaran : di atas 15 cm dari permukaan tanah · Kemasaman (pH) : 6 - 6,8 · Kesuburan : tinggi 2. Pedoman Bertanam a. Pegolahan Tanah · Buatkan selokan atau parit dengan lebar 30 cm - 40 cm, dalam 30 cm - 60 cm. Tanah galian digunakan untuk bedengan selebar 60 cm - 100 cm, panjang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan, lalu dicangkul sedalam 15 cm - 30 cm. · Setelah 10 hari - 15 hari dicangkul kembali hingga membentuk gumpalan halus, kemudian diberi pupuk kandang 10 ton - 15 ton/hektar. · Sehari sebelum tanam, bedengan dibasahi. b. Persiapan Bibit · Bibit berasal dari tanaman cukup tua (85 hari - 135 hari), sehat dan tidak cacat. · Bibit disimpan dalam ruangan kering sekitar 5 bulan - 8 bulan digantung pada para-para. · Siang untuk bibit berasal dari umbi yang beratnya 5 g - 7,5 g/umbi. c. Penanaman · Buatkan lubang tanam sedalam 3 cm - 4 cm dengan tugal. · Tancapkan bibit dengan posisi tegak lurus, ujung siung di atas dan ¾ bagian siung tertanam dalam tanah. · Taburkan tanah halus dan tutup merata dengan jerami setelah 3 cm. · Jarak tanam 10 cm x 10 cm atau 15 cm x 10 cm
Nama Lokal :
Garlic (Inggris), Bawang Putih (Indonesia), Bawang (Jawa); Bawang Bodas (Sunda), Bawang handak (Lampung); Kasuna (Bali), Lasuna pute (Bugis), Bhabang pote (Madura); Bawa bodudo (Ternate), Kalfeo foleu (Timor);
Pemanfaatan :
1. Hipertensi
a. Bahan: 3 siung bawang putih,
Cara membuat: bawang putih ditumbuk halus dan diperas dengan
air secukupnya, Ialu disaring;
Cara menggunakan: diminum secara teratur setiap hari.
b. Bahan : 2 siung bawang putih;
Cara membuat: bawang putih dipanggang dengan api;
Cara menggunakan: dimakan setiap pagi selama 7 hari.
2. Asma, batuk dan masuk angin
Baban: 3 siung bawang putih, 1 sendok makan madu dan gula batu
secukupnya;
Cara membuat: bawang putih ditumbuk halus, kemudian dioplos
bersama bahan lainnya sampai merata dan diperas/disaring;
Cara menggunakan: diminum setiap pagi sampai sembuh.
3. Sakit kepala
Bahan: umbi bawang putih;
Cara membuat: umbi bawang putih ditumbuk halus;
Cara menggunakan: untuk kompres pada dahi.
4. Sakit kuning, sesak nafas dan busung air
Bahan: 1 umbi bawang putih, 1 potong gula batu sebesar telur ayam
Cara membuat : umbi bawang putih ditumbuk halus, kemudian kedua
bahan tersebut direbus bersama dengan 3 gelas air sampai mendidih
dan diaduk sampai merata, dan disaring;
Cara menggunakan: diminum 2 kali sehari 2 sendok makan, pagi dan
sore.
5. Ambeien
Bahan : umbi bawang putih;
Cara membuat: umbi bawang putih ditumbuk halus, kemudian diperas
untuk diambil airnya;
Cara menggunakan: dioleskan di sekitar dubur setiap hari.
6. Sembelit
Bahan: yoghurt bawang putih dan bawang merah secukupnya;
Cara membuat: kedua bahan tersebut ditumbuk halus, diperas untuk
diambil airnya, kemudian dicampur sampai merata dan disaring;
Cara menggunakan: diminuni biasa.
7. Luka memar karena tikaman atau pukulan
Bahan: bawang putih dan 1 sendok madu;
Cara membuat: bawang putih ditumbuk halus, kemudian diberi 1
sendok madu dan dicampur sampai merata;
Cara menggunakan: dioleskan pada bagian yang luka.
8. Luka kena benda tajam berkarat
Bahan: umbi bawang putih dan minyak kelapa secukupnya;
Cara membuat: umbi bawang putih dibakar, kemudian dicelupkan ke
dalam minyak kelapa dan ditumbuk halus;
Cara menggunakan: dioleskan pada bagian yang luka.
9. Mempercepat matangnya bengkak abses
Bahan : umbi bawang putih;
Cara membuat: umbi bawang putih dipanasi dengan minyak cat,
kemudian ditumbuk halus;
Cara menggunakan : ditempelkan pada bagian yang bengkak.
10. Untuk mengeluarkan serpihan kaca, kayu atau duri
Bahan: umbi bawang putih;
Cara membuat: umbi bawang putih ditumbuk halus;
Cara menggunakan: ditempelkan pada baglan yang kemasukan
serpihan kaca, kayu atau duri.
11. Sengatan Serangga
Bahan: umbi bawang putih, sendowo dan garam secukupnya;
Cara membuat: umbi bawang putih ditumbuk halus, kemudian
dicampur dengan bahan lainnya sampai merata;
Cara menggunakan: dioleskan ada bagian tubuh yang disengat
serangga.
12. Mengusir cacing kremi dan cacing perut
Baban: beberapa siung bawang push;
Cara membuat: dikupas dan dicuci bersih;
Cara menggunakan: dimakan langsung.
13. Sulit tidur (insomnia)
Bahan: beberapa slung bawang putih;
Cara membuat: dikupas dan dicuci bersih;
Cara menggunakan: dimakan langsung sebelum tidur.
Komposisi :
KANDUNGAN KIMIA : Dari umbi bawang putih per 100 gram mengandung : - protein sebesar 4,5 gram. - lemak 0,20 gram, - hidrat arang 23, 1 0 gram, - vitamin B 1 0,22 miligram, - vitamin C 1 5 miligram, - kalori 95 kalori, - posfor 134 miligram, - kalsium 42 miligrain. - besi 1 miligram dan - air 71 gram. Di samping itu dari beberapa penelitian umbi bawang putih mengandung zat aktif awcin, awn, enzim alinase, germanium, sativine, sinistrine, selenium, scordinin, nicotinic acid.
Sumber Sentra Informasi IPTEK Net
Garlic (Allium sativum L )
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Alliaceae
Subfamily: Allioideae
Tribe: Allieae
Genus: Allium
Species: A. sativum
Binomial name
Allium sativum
L.
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Alliaceae
Subfamily: Allioideae
Tribe: Allieae
Genus: Allium
Species: A. sativum
Binomial name
Allium sativum
L.
Allium sativum L., commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, and chive. Garlic has been used throughout recorded history for both culinary and medicinal purposes. It has a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking.[1] A bulb of garlic, the most commonly used part of the plant, is divided into numerous fleshy sections called cloves. The cloves are used as seed, for consumption (raw or cooked), and for medicinal purposes. The leaves, stems (scape), and flowers (bulbils) on the head (spathe) are also edible and are most often consumed while immature and still tender. The papery, protective layers of "skin" over various parts of the plant and the roots attached to the bulb are the only parts not considered palatable.
Origin and distribution
Garlic output in 2005.The ancestry of cultivated garlic, according to Zohary and Hopf, is not definitely established: "A difficulty in the identification of its wild progenitor is the sterility of the cultivars."[2]
Allium sativum grows in the wild in areas where it has become naturalised; it probably descended from the species Allium longicuspis, which grows wild in southwestern Asia.[3] The "wild garlic," "crow garlic," and "field garlic" of Britain are the species Allium ursinum, Allium vineale, and Allium oleraceum, respectively. In North America, Allium vineale (known as "wild garlic" or "crow garlic") and Allium canadense, known as "meadow garlic" or "wild garlic" and "wild onion," are common weeds in fields.[4] One of the best-known "garlics," the so-called elephant garlic, is actually a wild leek (Allium ampeloprasum).
Side Effects
After eating a large quantity of garlic, a person will usually have halitosis. Their sweat and excreted oils will also smell like garlic. If an extremely large amount of garlic has been consumed, the person's mucus, vaginal discharge, dandruff, and even earwax will also smell like garlic.[citation needed] Washing the body with soap will not take away the scent, although perfumes will mask it. The smell usually fades over the course of several days.[citation needed]
Cultivation
Garlic growing in a container.Garlic is easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates. In cold climates, cloves can be planted in the ground about six weeks before the soil freezes and harvested in late spring. Garlic plants are not attacked by pests. They can suffer from pink root, a disease that stunts the roots and turns them pink or red. Garlic plants can be grown close together, leaving enough room for the bulbs to mature, and are easily grown in containers of sufficient depth.
There are different types or subspecies of garlic, most notably hardneck garlic and softneck garlic. It is important to get the right kind of garlic for your latitude, as garlic can be day-length sensitive. Hardneck garlic is generally grown in cooler climates; softneck garlic is generally grown closer to the equator.[citation needed]
Production trends
Garlic is grown globally, but China is by far the largest producer of garlic, with approximately 10.5 billion kilograms (23 billion pounds) annually, accounting for over 77% of world output. India (4.1%) and South Korea (2%) follow, with Russia (1.6%) in fourth place and the United States (where garlic is grown primarily as a cash crop in every state except for Alaska) in fifth place (1.4%).[2] This leaves 16% of global garlic production in countries that produce less than 2% of global output. Much of the garlic production in the United States is centered on Gilroy, California, which calls itself the "garlic capital of the world." The town holds a garlic festival annually, which raises money for charity.[5]
Uses
Culinary uses
Garlic being crushed using a garlic press. Garlic bulbs and individual cloves, one peeled. Garlic scapes are often harvested early so that the bulbs will grow bigger.Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavor as a seasoning or condiment. It is a fundamental component in many or most dishes of various regions, including eastern Asia, south Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, northern Africa, southern Europe, and parts of South and Central America. The flavour varies in intensity and aroma with the different cooking methods. It is often paired with onion, tomato, or ginger. The parchmentlike skin is much like the skin of an onion and is typically removed before using in raw or cooked form. An alternative is to cut the top off the bulb, coat the cloves by dribbling olive oil (or other oil-based seasoning) over them, and roast them in the oven. The garlic softens and can be extracted from the cloves by squeezing the (root) end of the bulb, or individually by squeezing one end of the clove.
Oils are often flavored with garlic cloves. Commercially prepared oils are widely available, but when preparing garlic-infused oil at home, there is a risk of botulism if the product is not stored properly. To reduce this risk, the oil should be refrigerated and used within one week. Manufacturers add acids and/or other chemicals to eliminate the risk of botulism in their products.[6]
In some cuisine, the young bulbs are pickled for 3–6 weeks in a mixture of sugar, salt, and spices. In eastern Europe, the shoots are pickled and eaten as an appetizer.
Immature scapes are tender and edible. They are also known as "garlic spears," "stems," or "tops." Scapes generally have a milder taste than cloves. They are often used in stir frying or prepared like asparagus. Garlic leaves are a popular vegetable in many parts of Asia. The leaves are cut, cleaned, and then stir-fried with eggs, meat, or vegetables.
Mixing garlic with eggs and olive oil produces aioli. Garlic, oil, and a chunky base produce skordalia. Blending garlic, almond, oil, and soaked bread produces ajoblanco.
About 1/4 teaspoon of dried powdered garlic is equivalent to one fresh clove.
Storage
Domestically, garlic is stored warm (above 18°C [64°F]) and dry to keep it dormant (so that it does not sprout). It is traditionally hung; softneck varieties are often braided in strands, called "plaits" or grappes. Garlic is often kept in oil to produce flavoured oil; however, the practice requires measures to be taken to prevent the garlic from spoiling. Untreated garlic kept in oil at room temperature can support the growth of deadly Clostridium botulinum. Peeled cloves may be stored in wine or vinegar in the refrigerator.[7]
Commercially, garlic is stored at −3°C, also dry.[8][9]
Historical use
Garlic has been used as both food and medicine in many cultures for thousands of years, dating at least as far back as the time that the Giza pyramids were built. It formed part of the diet of the Israelites in Egypt (Numbers 11:5) and of the labourers employed by Khufu in constructing the pyramid. Garlic is still grown in Egypt, but the Syrian variety is the kind most esteemed now (see Rawlinson's Herodotus, 2.125).
It was consumed by ancient Greek and Roman soldiers, sailors, and rural classes (Virgil, Ecologues ii. 11), and, according to Pliny the Elder (Natural History xix. 32), by the African peasantry. Galen eulogizes it as the "rustic's theriac" (cure-all) (see F. Adams' Paulus Aegineta, p. 99), and Alexander Neckam, a writer of the 12th century (see Wright's edition of his works, p. 473, 1863), recommends it as a palliative for the heat of the sun in field labor.
In the account of Korea's establishment as a nation, gods were said to have given mortal women with bear and tiger temperaments an immortal's black garlic before mating with them. This is a genetically unique six-clove garlic that was to have given the women supernatural powers and immortality. This garlic is still cultivated in a few mountain areas today.
In his Natural History, Pliny gives an exceedingly long list of scenarios in which it was considered beneficial (N.H. xx. 23). Dr. T. Sydenham valued it as an application in confluent smallpox, and, says Cullen (Mat. Med. ii. p. 174, 1789), found some dropsies cured by it alone. Early in the 20th century, it was sometimes used in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis or phthisis.
Harvesting garlic, from Tacuinum sanitatis, 15th century (Bibliothèque nationale).Garlic was rare in traditional English cuisine (though it is said to have been grown in England before 1548) and has been a much more common ingredient in Mediterranean Europe. Garlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at crossroads, as a supper for Hecate (Theophrastus, Characters, The Superstitious Man); and according to Pliny, garlic and onions were invoked as deities by the Egyptians at the taking of oaths. (Pliny also states that garlic demagnetizes lodestones, which is not factual.)[10] The inhabitants of Pelusium, in lower Egypt (who worshiped the onion), are said to have had an aversion to both onions and garlic as food.
To prevent the plant from running to leaf, Pliny (N.H. xix. 34) advised bending the stalk downward and covering with earth; seeding, he observes, may be prevented by twisting the stalk (by "seeding," he most likely meant the development of small, less potent bulbs).
Medicinal use and health benefits
Garlic, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 150 kcal 620 kJ
Carbohydrates 33.06 g
- Sugars 1.00g
- Dietary fiber 2.1 g
Fat 0.5 g
Protein 6.39 g
- β-carotene 5 μg 0%
Thiamin (Vit. B1) 0.2 mg 15%
Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0.11 mg 7%
Niacin (Vit. B3) 0.7 mg 5%
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.596 mg 12%
Vitamin B6 1.235 mg 95%
Folate (Vit. B9) 3 μg 1%
Vitamin C 31.2 mg 52%
Calcium 181 mg 18%
Iron 1.7 mg 14%
Magnesium 25 mg 7%
Phosphorus 153 mg 22%
Potassium 401 mg 9%
Sodium 17 mg 1%
Zinc 1.16 mg 12%
Manganese 1.672 mg
Selenium 14.2 mcg
Percentages are relative to US
recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient database
Garlic is claimed to help prevent heart disease (including atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure) and cancer.[11] Animal studies, and some early investigational studies in humans, have suggested possible cardiovascular benefits of garlic. A Czech study found that garlic supplementation reduced accumulation of cholesterol on the vascular walls of animals.[12] Another study had similar results, with garlic supplementation significantly reducing aortic plaque deposits of cholesterol-fed rabbits.[13] Another study showed that supplementation with garlic extract inhibited vascular calcification in human patients with high blood cholesterol.[14] The known vasodilative effect of garlic is possibly caused by catabolism of garlic-derived polysulfides to hydrogen sulfide in red blood cells, a reaction that is dependent on reduced thiols in or on the RBC membrane. Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous cardioprotective vascular cell-signaling molecule.[15]
However, a randomized clinical trial funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States and published in the Archives of Internal Medicine in 2007 found that the consumption of garlic in any form did not reduce blood cholesterol levels in patients with moderately high baseline cholesterol levels.[16][17]
“ Despite decades of research suggesting that garlic can improve cholesterol profiles, a new NIH-funded trial found absolutely no effects of raw garlic or garlic supplements on LDL, HDL, or triglycerides… The findings underscore the hazards of meta-analyses made up of small, flawed studies and the value of rigorously studying popular herbal remedies.
In 2007, the BBC reported that Allium sativum may have beneficial properties, such as preventing and fighting the common cold.[19] This assertion has the backing of long tradition in herbal medicine, which has used garlic for hoarseness and coughs.[20] The Cherokee also used it as an expectorant for coughs and croup.[21]
Allium sativum has been found to reduce platelet aggregation[22][23][24][25] and hyperlipidemia.[26][25][27]
Garlic is also alleged to help regulate blood sugar levels. Regular and prolonged use of therapeutic amounts of aged garlic extracts lower blood homocysteine levels and has shown to prevent some complications of diabetes mellitus.[28][29] People taking insulin should not consume medicinal amounts of garlic without consulting a physician.
In 1858, Louis Pasteur observed garlic's antibacterial activity, and it was used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene during World War I and World War II.[30] More recently, it has been found from a clinical trial that a mouthwash containing 2.5% fresh garlic shows good antimicrobial activity, although the majority of the participants reported an unpleasant taste and halitosis.[31]
In modern naturopathy, garlic is used as a treatment for intestinal worms and other intestinal parasites, both orally and as an anal suppository. Garlic cloves are used as a remedy for infections (especially chest problems), digestive disorders, and fungal infections such as thrush.[3][4]
Garlic has been used reasonably successfully in AIDS patients to treat cryptosporidium in an uncontrolled study in China.[32] It has also been used by at least one AIDS patient to treat toxoplasmosis, another protozoal disease.[33]
Garlic supplementation in rats, along with a high protein diet, has been shown to boost testosterone levels.[34]
Properties
When crushed, Allium sativum yields allicin, a powerful antibiotic and antifungal compound (phytoncide). However, due to poor bioavailability, it is of limited use for oral consumption. It also contains alliin, ajoene, enzymes, vitamin B, minerals, and flavonoids.
The composition of the bulbs is approximately 84.09% water, 13.38% organic matter, and 1.53% inorganic matter, while the leaves are 87.14% water, 11.27% organic matter, and 1.59% inorganic matter.[citation needed]
The phytochemicals responsible for the sharp flavor of garlic are produced when the plant's cells are damaged. When a cell is broken by chopping, chewing, or crushing, enzymes stored in cell vacuoles trigger the breakdown of several sulfur-containing compounds stored in the cell fluids. The resultant compounds are responsible for the sharp or hot taste and strong smell of garlic. Some of the compounds are unstable and continue to evolve over time. Among the members of the onion family, garlic has by far the highest concentrations of initial reaction products, making garlic much more potent than onions, shallots, or leeks.[35] Although people have come to enjoy the taste of garlic, these compounds are believed to have evolved as a defensive mechanism, deterring animals like birds, insects, and worms from eating the plant. Humans, however, usually enjoy these sensations for some reason.[36]
A large number of sulfur compounds contribute to the smell and taste of garlic. Diallyl disulfide is believed to be an important odour component. Allicin has been found to be the compound most responsible for the "hot" sensation of raw garlic. This chemical opens thermoTRP (transient receptor potential) channels that are responsible for the burning sense of heat in foods. The process of cooking garlic removes allicin, thus mellowing its spiciness.[37]
When eaten in quantity, garlic may be strongly evident in the diner's sweat and breath the following day. This is because garlic's strong-smelling sulfur compounds are metabolized, forming allyl methyl sulfide. Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) cannot be digested and is passed into the blood. It is carried to the lungs and the skin, where it is excreted. Since digestion takes several hours, and release of AMS several hours more, the effect of eating garlic may be present for a long time.
This well-known phenomenon of "garlic breath" is alleged to be alleviated by eating fresh parsley. The herb is, therefore, included in many garlic recipes, such as Pistou, Persillade, and the garlic butter spread used in garlic bread. However, since the odour results mainly from digestive processes placing compounds such as AMS in the blood, and AMS is then released through the lungs over the course of many hours, eating parsley provides only a temporary masking. One way of accelerating the release of AMS from the body is the use of a sauna. Due to its strong odor, garlic is sometimes called the "stinking rose."
Because of the AMS in the bloodstream, it is believed by some to act as a mosquito repellent. However, there is no evidence to suggest that garlic is actually effective for this purpose.[38]
Spiritual and religious perceptions
Garlic has been regarded as a force for both good and evil. A Christian myth considers that after Satan left the Garden of Eden, garlic arose in his left footprint and onion in the right.[39] In Europe, many cultures have used garlic for protection or white magic, perhaps owing to its reputation as a potent preventative medicine.[40] Central European folk beliefs considered garlic a powerful ward against demons, werewolves, and vampires.[40] To ward off vampires, garlic could be worn, hung in windows, or rubbed on chimneys and keyholes.[41]
In Taoism mythology, six-clove black garlic is used as part of the process of modifying a Taoist's genetics. It supposedly endows the users immortality by intensifying their vital energy or "chi."[citation needed]
The association of garlic to evil spirits may be based on the antibacterial, antiparasitic value of garlic, which could prevent infections that lead to delusions and other related mental illness symptoms.[42][43]
In both Hinduism and Jainism, garlic is considered to stimulate and warm the body and to increase one's desires. Hindus generally avoid using garlic and the related onion in the preparation of foods for religious festivities and events. Followers of the Jain religion avoid eating garlic and onion on a daily basis.
In connection with the odor associated with garlic, Islam views eating garlic and subsequently going to the mosque as inappropriate. "Whoever has eaten (garlic) should not approach our mosque," indicated Muhammad.[44]
Cautions
Known adverse effects of garlic include halitosis (nonbacterial bad breath), indigestion, nausea, emesis, and diarrhea.[45]
Garlic may interact with warfarin, antiplatelets, saquinavir, antihypertensives, calcium channel blockers, and hypoglycemic drugs, as well as other medications. Consult a health professional before taking a garlic supplement[45] or consuming excessive amounts of garlic.
Garlic can thin the blood, similar to the effect of aspirin.[46]
Two outbreaks of botulism have been caused by consuming commercially produced garlic-in-oil preparations that were not properly preserved. It is especially important for home preparation to use safe and tested food preservation methods to retard bacterial growth, such as including sufficient salt or acidity and keeping the mixture refrigerated. It is recommended to not keep home preparations for more than a week.[47][48]
While culinary quantities are considered safe for consumption, very high quantities of garlic and garlic supplements have been linked with an increased risk of bleeding, particularly during pregnancy and after surgery and childbirth.[49][45] Some breastfeeding mothers have found their babies slow to feed and have noted a garlic odour coming from their baby when they have consumed garlic.[50][45] The safety of garlic supplements had not been determined for children.[50]
The side effects of long-term garlic supplementation, if any exist, are largely unknown, and no FDA-approved study has been performed. However, garlic has been consumed for several thousand years without any adverse long-term effects, suggesting that modest quantities of garlic pose, at worst, minimal risks to normal individuals. Possible side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, sweating, dizziness, allergic reactions, bleeding, and menstrual irregularities.[49]
Some degree of liver toxicity has been demonstrated in rats, particularly in extremely large quantities exceeding those that a rat would consume under normal situations.[51]
There have been several reports of serious burns resulting from garlic being applied topically for various purposes, including naturopathic uses and acne treatment, so care must be taken to test a small area of skin using a very low concentration of garlic.[52] On the basis of numerous reports of such burns, including burns to children, topical use of raw garlic, as well as insertion of raw garlic into body cavities, is discouraged. In particular, topical application of raw garlic to young children is not advisable.[53]
Garlic and onions might be toxic to cats or dogs.[54]
From Wikipedia
Origin and distribution
Garlic output in 2005.The ancestry of cultivated garlic, according to Zohary and Hopf, is not definitely established: "A difficulty in the identification of its wild progenitor is the sterility of the cultivars."[2]
Allium sativum grows in the wild in areas where it has become naturalised; it probably descended from the species Allium longicuspis, which grows wild in southwestern Asia.[3] The "wild garlic," "crow garlic," and "field garlic" of Britain are the species Allium ursinum, Allium vineale, and Allium oleraceum, respectively. In North America, Allium vineale (known as "wild garlic" or "crow garlic") and Allium canadense, known as "meadow garlic" or "wild garlic" and "wild onion," are common weeds in fields.[4] One of the best-known "garlics," the so-called elephant garlic, is actually a wild leek (Allium ampeloprasum).
Side Effects
After eating a large quantity of garlic, a person will usually have halitosis. Their sweat and excreted oils will also smell like garlic. If an extremely large amount of garlic has been consumed, the person's mucus, vaginal discharge, dandruff, and even earwax will also smell like garlic.[citation needed] Washing the body with soap will not take away the scent, although perfumes will mask it. The smell usually fades over the course of several days.[citation needed]
Cultivation
Garlic growing in a container.Garlic is easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates. In cold climates, cloves can be planted in the ground about six weeks before the soil freezes and harvested in late spring. Garlic plants are not attacked by pests. They can suffer from pink root, a disease that stunts the roots and turns them pink or red. Garlic plants can be grown close together, leaving enough room for the bulbs to mature, and are easily grown in containers of sufficient depth.
There are different types or subspecies of garlic, most notably hardneck garlic and softneck garlic. It is important to get the right kind of garlic for your latitude, as garlic can be day-length sensitive. Hardneck garlic is generally grown in cooler climates; softneck garlic is generally grown closer to the equator.[citation needed]
Production trends
Garlic is grown globally, but China is by far the largest producer of garlic, with approximately 10.5 billion kilograms (23 billion pounds) annually, accounting for over 77% of world output. India (4.1%) and South Korea (2%) follow, with Russia (1.6%) in fourth place and the United States (where garlic is grown primarily as a cash crop in every state except for Alaska) in fifth place (1.4%).[2] This leaves 16% of global garlic production in countries that produce less than 2% of global output. Much of the garlic production in the United States is centered on Gilroy, California, which calls itself the "garlic capital of the world." The town holds a garlic festival annually, which raises money for charity.[5]
Uses
Culinary uses
Garlic being crushed using a garlic press. Garlic bulbs and individual cloves, one peeled. Garlic scapes are often harvested early so that the bulbs will grow bigger.Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavor as a seasoning or condiment. It is a fundamental component in many or most dishes of various regions, including eastern Asia, south Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, northern Africa, southern Europe, and parts of South and Central America. The flavour varies in intensity and aroma with the different cooking methods. It is often paired with onion, tomato, or ginger. The parchmentlike skin is much like the skin of an onion and is typically removed before using in raw or cooked form. An alternative is to cut the top off the bulb, coat the cloves by dribbling olive oil (or other oil-based seasoning) over them, and roast them in the oven. The garlic softens and can be extracted from the cloves by squeezing the (root) end of the bulb, or individually by squeezing one end of the clove.
Oils are often flavored with garlic cloves. Commercially prepared oils are widely available, but when preparing garlic-infused oil at home, there is a risk of botulism if the product is not stored properly. To reduce this risk, the oil should be refrigerated and used within one week. Manufacturers add acids and/or other chemicals to eliminate the risk of botulism in their products.[6]
In some cuisine, the young bulbs are pickled for 3–6 weeks in a mixture of sugar, salt, and spices. In eastern Europe, the shoots are pickled and eaten as an appetizer.
Immature scapes are tender and edible. They are also known as "garlic spears," "stems," or "tops." Scapes generally have a milder taste than cloves. They are often used in stir frying or prepared like asparagus. Garlic leaves are a popular vegetable in many parts of Asia. The leaves are cut, cleaned, and then stir-fried with eggs, meat, or vegetables.
Mixing garlic with eggs and olive oil produces aioli. Garlic, oil, and a chunky base produce skordalia. Blending garlic, almond, oil, and soaked bread produces ajoblanco.
About 1/4 teaspoon of dried powdered garlic is equivalent to one fresh clove.
Storage
Domestically, garlic is stored warm (above 18°C [64°F]) and dry to keep it dormant (so that it does not sprout). It is traditionally hung; softneck varieties are often braided in strands, called "plaits" or grappes. Garlic is often kept in oil to produce flavoured oil; however, the practice requires measures to be taken to prevent the garlic from spoiling. Untreated garlic kept in oil at room temperature can support the growth of deadly Clostridium botulinum. Peeled cloves may be stored in wine or vinegar in the refrigerator.[7]
Commercially, garlic is stored at −3°C, also dry.[8][9]
Historical use
Garlic has been used as both food and medicine in many cultures for thousands of years, dating at least as far back as the time that the Giza pyramids were built. It formed part of the diet of the Israelites in Egypt (Numbers 11:5) and of the labourers employed by Khufu in constructing the pyramid. Garlic is still grown in Egypt, but the Syrian variety is the kind most esteemed now (see Rawlinson's Herodotus, 2.125).
It was consumed by ancient Greek and Roman soldiers, sailors, and rural classes (Virgil, Ecologues ii. 11), and, according to Pliny the Elder (Natural History xix. 32), by the African peasantry. Galen eulogizes it as the "rustic's theriac" (cure-all) (see F. Adams' Paulus Aegineta, p. 99), and Alexander Neckam, a writer of the 12th century (see Wright's edition of his works, p. 473, 1863), recommends it as a palliative for the heat of the sun in field labor.
In the account of Korea's establishment as a nation, gods were said to have given mortal women with bear and tiger temperaments an immortal's black garlic before mating with them. This is a genetically unique six-clove garlic that was to have given the women supernatural powers and immortality. This garlic is still cultivated in a few mountain areas today.
In his Natural History, Pliny gives an exceedingly long list of scenarios in which it was considered beneficial (N.H. xx. 23). Dr. T. Sydenham valued it as an application in confluent smallpox, and, says Cullen (Mat. Med. ii. p. 174, 1789), found some dropsies cured by it alone. Early in the 20th century, it was sometimes used in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis or phthisis.
Harvesting garlic, from Tacuinum sanitatis, 15th century (Bibliothèque nationale).Garlic was rare in traditional English cuisine (though it is said to have been grown in England before 1548) and has been a much more common ingredient in Mediterranean Europe. Garlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at crossroads, as a supper for Hecate (Theophrastus, Characters, The Superstitious Man); and according to Pliny, garlic and onions were invoked as deities by the Egyptians at the taking of oaths. (Pliny also states that garlic demagnetizes lodestones, which is not factual.)[10] The inhabitants of Pelusium, in lower Egypt (who worshiped the onion), are said to have had an aversion to both onions and garlic as food.
To prevent the plant from running to leaf, Pliny (N.H. xix. 34) advised bending the stalk downward and covering with earth; seeding, he observes, may be prevented by twisting the stalk (by "seeding," he most likely meant the development of small, less potent bulbs).
Medicinal use and health benefits
Garlic, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 150 kcal 620 kJ
Carbohydrates 33.06 g
- Sugars 1.00g
- Dietary fiber 2.1 g
Fat 0.5 g
Protein 6.39 g
- β-carotene 5 μg 0%
Thiamin (Vit. B1) 0.2 mg 15%
Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0.11 mg 7%
Niacin (Vit. B3) 0.7 mg 5%
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.596 mg 12%
Vitamin B6 1.235 mg 95%
Folate (Vit. B9) 3 μg 1%
Vitamin C 31.2 mg 52%
Calcium 181 mg 18%
Iron 1.7 mg 14%
Magnesium 25 mg 7%
Phosphorus 153 mg 22%
Potassium 401 mg 9%
Sodium 17 mg 1%
Zinc 1.16 mg 12%
Manganese 1.672 mg
Selenium 14.2 mcg
Percentages are relative to US
recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient database
Garlic is claimed to help prevent heart disease (including atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure) and cancer.[11] Animal studies, and some early investigational studies in humans, have suggested possible cardiovascular benefits of garlic. A Czech study found that garlic supplementation reduced accumulation of cholesterol on the vascular walls of animals.[12] Another study had similar results, with garlic supplementation significantly reducing aortic plaque deposits of cholesterol-fed rabbits.[13] Another study showed that supplementation with garlic extract inhibited vascular calcification in human patients with high blood cholesterol.[14] The known vasodilative effect of garlic is possibly caused by catabolism of garlic-derived polysulfides to hydrogen sulfide in red blood cells, a reaction that is dependent on reduced thiols in or on the RBC membrane. Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous cardioprotective vascular cell-signaling molecule.[15]
However, a randomized clinical trial funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States and published in the Archives of Internal Medicine in 2007 found that the consumption of garlic in any form did not reduce blood cholesterol levels in patients with moderately high baseline cholesterol levels.[16][17]
“ Despite decades of research suggesting that garlic can improve cholesterol profiles, a new NIH-funded trial found absolutely no effects of raw garlic or garlic supplements on LDL, HDL, or triglycerides… The findings underscore the hazards of meta-analyses made up of small, flawed studies and the value of rigorously studying popular herbal remedies.
In 2007, the BBC reported that Allium sativum may have beneficial properties, such as preventing and fighting the common cold.[19] This assertion has the backing of long tradition in herbal medicine, which has used garlic for hoarseness and coughs.[20] The Cherokee also used it as an expectorant for coughs and croup.[21]
Allium sativum has been found to reduce platelet aggregation[22][23][24][25] and hyperlipidemia.[26][25][27]
Garlic is also alleged to help regulate blood sugar levels. Regular and prolonged use of therapeutic amounts of aged garlic extracts lower blood homocysteine levels and has shown to prevent some complications of diabetes mellitus.[28][29] People taking insulin should not consume medicinal amounts of garlic without consulting a physician.
In 1858, Louis Pasteur observed garlic's antibacterial activity, and it was used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene during World War I and World War II.[30] More recently, it has been found from a clinical trial that a mouthwash containing 2.5% fresh garlic shows good antimicrobial activity, although the majority of the participants reported an unpleasant taste and halitosis.[31]
In modern naturopathy, garlic is used as a treatment for intestinal worms and other intestinal parasites, both orally and as an anal suppository. Garlic cloves are used as a remedy for infections (especially chest problems), digestive disorders, and fungal infections such as thrush.[3][4]
Garlic has been used reasonably successfully in AIDS patients to treat cryptosporidium in an uncontrolled study in China.[32] It has also been used by at least one AIDS patient to treat toxoplasmosis, another protozoal disease.[33]
Garlic supplementation in rats, along with a high protein diet, has been shown to boost testosterone levels.[34]
Properties
When crushed, Allium sativum yields allicin, a powerful antibiotic and antifungal compound (phytoncide). However, due to poor bioavailability, it is of limited use for oral consumption. It also contains alliin, ajoene, enzymes, vitamin B, minerals, and flavonoids.
The composition of the bulbs is approximately 84.09% water, 13.38% organic matter, and 1.53% inorganic matter, while the leaves are 87.14% water, 11.27% organic matter, and 1.59% inorganic matter.[citation needed]
The phytochemicals responsible for the sharp flavor of garlic are produced when the plant's cells are damaged. When a cell is broken by chopping, chewing, or crushing, enzymes stored in cell vacuoles trigger the breakdown of several sulfur-containing compounds stored in the cell fluids. The resultant compounds are responsible for the sharp or hot taste and strong smell of garlic. Some of the compounds are unstable and continue to evolve over time. Among the members of the onion family, garlic has by far the highest concentrations of initial reaction products, making garlic much more potent than onions, shallots, or leeks.[35] Although people have come to enjoy the taste of garlic, these compounds are believed to have evolved as a defensive mechanism, deterring animals like birds, insects, and worms from eating the plant. Humans, however, usually enjoy these sensations for some reason.[36]
A large number of sulfur compounds contribute to the smell and taste of garlic. Diallyl disulfide is believed to be an important odour component. Allicin has been found to be the compound most responsible for the "hot" sensation of raw garlic. This chemical opens thermoTRP (transient receptor potential) channels that are responsible for the burning sense of heat in foods. The process of cooking garlic removes allicin, thus mellowing its spiciness.[37]
When eaten in quantity, garlic may be strongly evident in the diner's sweat and breath the following day. This is because garlic's strong-smelling sulfur compounds are metabolized, forming allyl methyl sulfide. Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) cannot be digested and is passed into the blood. It is carried to the lungs and the skin, where it is excreted. Since digestion takes several hours, and release of AMS several hours more, the effect of eating garlic may be present for a long time.
This well-known phenomenon of "garlic breath" is alleged to be alleviated by eating fresh parsley. The herb is, therefore, included in many garlic recipes, such as Pistou, Persillade, and the garlic butter spread used in garlic bread. However, since the odour results mainly from digestive processes placing compounds such as AMS in the blood, and AMS is then released through the lungs over the course of many hours, eating parsley provides only a temporary masking. One way of accelerating the release of AMS from the body is the use of a sauna. Due to its strong odor, garlic is sometimes called the "stinking rose."
Because of the AMS in the bloodstream, it is believed by some to act as a mosquito repellent. However, there is no evidence to suggest that garlic is actually effective for this purpose.[38]
Spiritual and religious perceptions
Garlic has been regarded as a force for both good and evil. A Christian myth considers that after Satan left the Garden of Eden, garlic arose in his left footprint and onion in the right.[39] In Europe, many cultures have used garlic for protection or white magic, perhaps owing to its reputation as a potent preventative medicine.[40] Central European folk beliefs considered garlic a powerful ward against demons, werewolves, and vampires.[40] To ward off vampires, garlic could be worn, hung in windows, or rubbed on chimneys and keyholes.[41]
In Taoism mythology, six-clove black garlic is used as part of the process of modifying a Taoist's genetics. It supposedly endows the users immortality by intensifying their vital energy or "chi."[citation needed]
The association of garlic to evil spirits may be based on the antibacterial, antiparasitic value of garlic, which could prevent infections that lead to delusions and other related mental illness symptoms.[42][43]
In both Hinduism and Jainism, garlic is considered to stimulate and warm the body and to increase one's desires. Hindus generally avoid using garlic and the related onion in the preparation of foods for religious festivities and events. Followers of the Jain religion avoid eating garlic and onion on a daily basis.
In connection with the odor associated with garlic, Islam views eating garlic and subsequently going to the mosque as inappropriate. "Whoever has eaten (garlic) should not approach our mosque," indicated Muhammad.[44]
Cautions
Known adverse effects of garlic include halitosis (nonbacterial bad breath), indigestion, nausea, emesis, and diarrhea.[45]
Garlic may interact with warfarin, antiplatelets, saquinavir, antihypertensives, calcium channel blockers, and hypoglycemic drugs, as well as other medications. Consult a health professional before taking a garlic supplement[45] or consuming excessive amounts of garlic.
Garlic can thin the blood, similar to the effect of aspirin.[46]
Two outbreaks of botulism have been caused by consuming commercially produced garlic-in-oil preparations that were not properly preserved. It is especially important for home preparation to use safe and tested food preservation methods to retard bacterial growth, such as including sufficient salt or acidity and keeping the mixture refrigerated. It is recommended to not keep home preparations for more than a week.[47][48]
While culinary quantities are considered safe for consumption, very high quantities of garlic and garlic supplements have been linked with an increased risk of bleeding, particularly during pregnancy and after surgery and childbirth.[49][45] Some breastfeeding mothers have found their babies slow to feed and have noted a garlic odour coming from their baby when they have consumed garlic.[50][45] The safety of garlic supplements had not been determined for children.[50]
The side effects of long-term garlic supplementation, if any exist, are largely unknown, and no FDA-approved study has been performed. However, garlic has been consumed for several thousand years without any adverse long-term effects, suggesting that modest quantities of garlic pose, at worst, minimal risks to normal individuals. Possible side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, sweating, dizziness, allergic reactions, bleeding, and menstrual irregularities.[49]
Some degree of liver toxicity has been demonstrated in rats, particularly in extremely large quantities exceeding those that a rat would consume under normal situations.[51]
There have been several reports of serious burns resulting from garlic being applied topically for various purposes, including naturopathic uses and acne treatment, so care must be taken to test a small area of skin using a very low concentration of garlic.[52] On the basis of numerous reports of such burns, including burns to children, topical use of raw garlic, as well as insertion of raw garlic into body cavities, is discouraged. In particular, topical application of raw garlic to young children is not advisable.[53]
Garlic and onions might be toxic to cats or dogs.[54]
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